贸易信用

在贸易信用证紧缩前几周，美国财政部负责反恐及金融情报的副部长斯图尔特利维（stuartlevey）曾经访问北京。

The tightening of trade credit comes just weeks after the visit to Beijing of Stuart Levey , the US Treasury Under-Secretary responsible for terrorism and financial intelligence .

短期借款和贸易信用对企业经营的影响

The Influence of Short-term Loan and Trade Credit Enterprise Operation

进出口贸易信用风险可以有效的规避，使损失最小化；

The probability to reduce credit risk to minimum loss ;

进出口贸易信用风险管理的具体措施。

The effective measures of credit risk management .

为了提供援助，我们首先把针对发展中国家银行（其中许多是非洲国家的银行）的贸易信用担保增加到30亿美元。

To assist , we first boosted trade credit guarantee coverage to $ 3 billion for developing country banks , many of them in Africa .

保险业还对其他一些活动将得到的对待感到担忧，尤其是第三方资产管理（公司利润的另一大贡献者）和贸易信用保险。

The industry is also concerned about how other activities notably third party asset management , another vital contributor to company profits , and trade credit insurance will be treated .

其次，通过案例分析法、归纳分析法，总结Y公司出口贸易信用证结算方式下遇到的各类风险以及造成的损失或影响。

Secondly , through case studies , generally drawing various risk type of letters of credit form under the export trade of company Y , as well as loss and influence .

至今，财务经理会在现金，财务管理，贸易信用风险等方面遇到问题。例如：怎样理解和处理央行颁布实施的个人信用信息系统？

So far , financial managers encounter many problems in cash , treasury management and trade credit risk in China , e.g.how to understand and handle documentation requested by institutions such as SAFE ?

所以说国际贸易信用非线性流动也是一个开放系统，把国际贸易信用系统置于耗散结构状态下进行研究，将对我国国际贸易的双赢起到积极的促进作用。

Therefore , non-linear-flow of international trade credit is also an open system . Researching international trade credit system under dissipative structural state will have an active impact to win-to-win of international trade of our country .

国际贸易中信用证欺诈法律救济研究

Study of Letters of Credit Fraud Legal Remedies in International Trade

面向国际贸易的信用评估原模型研究

Research on Credit Evaluation of Foreign Trade

国际贸易中信用证欺诈案件屡屡发生，但多数国家在立法上并没有就此做出专门规定。

Although the cases of fraud on the letter of credit frequently occur in international trade , few countries have specific stipulations on them .

孤立点发现是数据挖掘活动的重要组成部分，被广泛应用于电子贸易、信用卡等领域的欺诈检测。

Outlier detection is an integral part of data mining and is critical important to some areas such as monitoring of criminal activities in electronic commerce , credit card fraud , etc.

在当代中国，信用证也是外贸中经常使用的金融票证，大约80%以上的国际贸易采用信用证作为结算方式。

In contemporary China , the letter of credit is also the financial bills which in the foreign trade uses frequently , about 80 % above international trade use the letter of credit to take the method of setting accounts .

本文就当前国际经济贸易中信用证支付方式出现的欺诈风险，阐述了防范措施&欺诈例外的适用条件，指出银行应如何适用欺诈例外。

In the light of the fraudulent risk occurring in the modes of payment in letter of credit in the current international economic trade , the author expounds the preventative measures & the applicable conditions of Fraudulent Exceptions , and points out how the bank should apply Fraudulent Exceptions .

第三，世界银行（worldbank）和区域性发展银行，连同各出口信贷机构，必须扩大贸易融资的信用额度。

Third , the world bank and regional development banks , with export credit agencies , must offer expanded lines for trade financing .

论国际贸易中跟单信用证风险及对策

Discussion on Risk and Countermeasure of Documentary Credit in International Trade

多数情况下，国际贸易是用信用证支付的。

In most cases international transactions are paid by letters of credit .

贸易支付转变信用保险护航

Change Trade Payment , Convoy for Credit Insurance

组织出口货源：商贸企业应根据贸易合同或信用证的规定准备好出口商品。

Business enterprise and importers in consultation on the success of a trade contract .

国家风险是出口贸易面临的信用风险之一，是由买方所在国家或地区的政治、经济等因素带来的损失不确定性。

Sovereign risk is a part oi export credit risks . It arises from the uncertainty of loss due to political or economic factors in buyer 's country or area .

在国际贸易中，信用证同托收、汇款一起被列为三大主要结算手段，有着国际贸易的血液之美誉。

A letter of credit , together with collection and remittance , is listed on one of main settlement instruments , honored as " the blood of international trade " .

为赊销和承兑交单而设计的一种综合性的金融服务&国际保理业务在国际结算融资舞台上扮演着越来越重要的角色，而传统的国际贸易结算手段信用证等有退出历史舞台的趋势。

International factoring , which is designed for O / A and D / A is playing increasingly more and more important role in the world and the conventional international payment is on the trend to disappeared in the world .

Apriori算法已成为关联规则挖掘的一个经典方法，广泛地被应用于如贸易决策、银行信用评估、金融保险等诸多领域。

The Apriori algorithm has become a classic method for mining association rules . It is widely applied to various fields such as trade decision-making , bank evaluating credit , finance insurance , etc.

国际贸易发展与商业信用交易方式

International Trade Development and commercial credit

在我国的对外经济贸易活动中，信用证已经成为使用较为普遍的结算方式。

In China 's foreign economic and trade activities , the use of letters of credit have become more common method of settlement .

在国际贸易结算领域，信用证占据了非常重要的地位，被誉为国际贸易的生命线。

Occupying an important place in the field of the international settlement , letter of credit is titled with " the life blood of international commerce " .

但信贷资产包含的内容很广，具体包括住房抵押贷款、基础设施项目贷款、汽车贷款、租赁和贸易应收收入、信用卡应收款等。

But the content of credit asset is very broad , specifically including housing mortgage loan , infrastructure project loan , auto loan , lease and trade receivable income , credit card receivable , etc.

随着世界经济一体化和高科技的发展，信用证已成为国际贸易中重要的信用支付工具，然而信用证诈骗案件也随之不断增加。

Along with the world economics integration and the high technology development , the letter of credit has become an important means of payment in the international trade , however the letter of credit cheating case also unceasingly increases along with it .

信用证是国际贸易中重要的信用结算工具，但是，由于信用证业务自身的复杂性和游离于基础合同的独立抽象性加重了风险防范和金融监管的难度。

Letter of credit is one of the most important trade settlement instruments in international business activities , but as a result of its characteristics of complexity , independence and abstract , there is a high occurring rate of fraudulent activities with letters of credit .