下垫面

这与人类活动对下垫面性质改变有较大关系。

This character is related to the changes in underlying surface .

不同下垫面湍流统计特征研究

Statistical Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence in Different Underlying Surface Conditions

基于SPOT遥感影像的下垫面信息获取研究

Extraction of underlying surface information from SPOT remote sensing imagery

Mosaic方法在非均匀下垫面上的适用性研究

On Applicability of Mosaic Method under Heterogeneous Land Surface in Large-Scale Atmospheric Model

基于GIS分析喀斯特流域下垫面因素对枯季径流的影响&以贵州省河流为例

Analyzing the effect of ground factors to the characteristics of low flow in karst drainage basins based on GIS-Case study of the rivers in Guizhou Province

实测表明，街道结构、局地风速、车流强度和街区绿化型式等下垫面条件对CO的扩散和浓度分布都有明显的影响。

The testing results show that street structure , local velocity of urban wind , traffic intensity and green plant pattern can affect the dispersion and the distributions of CO.

绿洲及沙漠戈壁下垫面上的Bowen比分别为0.4和4.0；

The Bowen ratios are 0.4 and 4.0 over oasis and desert respectively .

分析了利用SPOT卫星影像提取下垫面信息的现状，包括工程实践中通过SPOT立体像对恢复DEM的方法及其特点以及其他下垫面信息的提取方法及其特点；

An analysis was performed of the method and characteristics of SPOT stereopair for DEM generation and some other methods for underlying surface information extraction currently used in engineering .

在非均匀下垫面情况下，Mosaic方法是目前国际上广泛运用于模式中计算地表通量的方法。

Under the heterogeneous land surface , the Mosaic method is the one which is widely used to calculate surface fluxes in land surface model .

受下垫面性质影响，反射辐射（UR）和A在1~2月明显大于其他季节，7~10月小，A在植物生长季节的5~9月平均值为0.172，年平均值为0.299。

The average annual value of A was 0.299 and a mean of 0.172 from May to September .

下垫面不均匀性对LAS和EC的感热通量差异影响显著。

Which indicates that : the inhomogeneity of underlying surface has a significant influence on difference of sensible heat flux by LAS and EC .

结果表明：根据下垫面特征值确定模型参数时，应根据地形高低起伏的不同而采用不同网格大小的DEM。

The consequence demonstrates that DEMs of different grid size should be adopted according as the hypsography when model parameters are confirmed by the topographic characteristics .

Penman-Monteith蒸散模型及其在森林下垫面中参数的确定

Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration Model and Calculations of Its Parameters in Forest Underlying Surface

利用RS与GIS相结合的技术手段，探讨了流域下垫面覆盖信息和地形信息的快速提取方法；

In the application of RS ( remote sensing ) and GIS ( geographic information system ) technology , the method of rapid obtaining the information of land cover and topographic condition was discussed .

对湍流的局地各向同性进行了讨论并与Kansas和长白山原始森林湍流实验得到的结果进行了比较，得到了一些湍流特征量在不同下垫面情况下的一些有意义的特征。

Characteristics of the turbulence spectral local isotropy are analyzed under different stability and compared with Kansas Experiment and Changbai Mountains Experiment results .

森林下垫面土壤CO2通量与土壤温度显著相关，与6cm深度土层温度相关系数最大。

Soil CO2 flux from the forest floor was strongly related to soil temperature and had the highest correlation with temperature at 6-cm depth of soil .

将DEM与表达土壤、植被、地质、水文地质特性的参数的空间分布叠加在一起，还可以描述这些下垫面参数与地面高程之间的关系。

If DEM is combined with the spatial distribution of the parameters reflecting characteristic of soil , vegetation , geology , and hydrograph , the relation of the underlying surface parameters and ground elevation can be described .

比较分析发现，3种下垫面类型的径流水质均较差，COD、TN、TP、BOD5平均浓度超过地表水环境质量Ⅴ级标准。

The pollution of the runoff is serious on all three of the underlying surfaces . COD , TN , TP and BOD_5 concentrations all exceed the fifth level of the environmental quality standards for China .

结果表明：农田下垫面上SO2与SO42-的干沉积速率平均值分别为0.31cm/s，0.20cm/s；

The study shows that the average dry deposition velocities of SO 2 and SO 4 2 - are 0.31cm/s and 0.20 cm / s , respectively .

此外，SCS和USLE模型在应用到下垫面复杂的流域时，其参数可通过数学率定确定，模拟结果表明可行。

When using SCS and USLE model in the basin of complicated geomorphologic factors , the parameter can be calculated by mathematic method , which proved to be practicable by rain-runoff and soil erosion simulation .

根据权函数谱分布以及最佳指数函数（OIF）并结合卫星通道用途，最终得到用于下垫面分类的卫星优化通道选择结果。

Satellite optimum bands for underlying surface classification were selected by using weight function spectra distribution , optimum index function ( OIF ) and the usages channels of MODIS .

国外应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下森林和农田等生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题，目前致力于非理想下垫面（真实地形）的CO2、水热通量的计算。

In terms of the method foreign countries have solved the calculation problems of CO_2 or heat and moisture fluxes of forest and farmland ecosystems under the assumption of homogeneous underlying surface , at moment are making efforts to calculate the fluxes of non-ideal underlying surface ( real terrain ) .

然后，利用CFD技术从微观层面，分别以水泥和粘土作为下垫面，模拟住宅小区热场的分布状况，进一步说明不同下垫面类型对热环境的影响。

Then , using the cement and clay as the underlaying surface respectively , it simulates the hot field distribution of the residential sites , and further explains the effects of different types of underlaying surface on the thermal environment , according to the CFD technology in micro-level .

通过CFD模拟对城市河流周边速度场、湿度场和温度场分布进行了分析评价，初步获得了不同河流区域大小、下垫面温度以及主导风向对周边建筑街区热气候的影响。

Finally , through the CFD simulation of urban river surrounding wind field and humidity field and temperature field , this paper analyzes and evaluates the effect that different water area size , the ground temperature and the dominant wind direction has on heat climate of the surrounding communities .

以2002年4月18日LANDSATTM/ETM+多时相、高分辨率遥感数据为主要数据源，对黄河三门峡至小浪底区间暴雨致洪水文下垫面进行调查。

An investigation was conducted on the hydrological underlying surface for rain-induced floods from Sanmenxia to Xiaolangdi in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River by means of the multiple time-phase , high-resolution remote sensing data of Landsat TM / ETM ~ + .

GMS5反演中国几类典型下垫面晴空地表温度的日变化及季节变化

Diurnal and seasonal variation of clear-sky land surface temperature of several representative land surface types in China retrieved by GMS 5

试验结果表明，下垫面植被状况的改变对云南气候要素值的影响非常明显，这种影响一般在近地面至700hPa之间；

The results indicate that the change of vegetative distribution has marked effect on Yunnan 's climatic elements and it mainly influence from surface to 700 hPa .

夏季长江中、下游暴雨发生前下垫面地热场出现由深层向上的地热通量，当高空（850hPa）有切变线与地热场的高地热轴线相配合时，暴雨落在地热高值区；

It shows that there is a forerunner of torrential rain on the underlying heat field , that is the upward geothermal heat flux from deep layer to earth surface .

不同下垫面条件下土壤含水量时空变化特征的对比分析

Contrast Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Soil Moisture of Heterogeneous Surface

非单一水平均匀下垫面空气动力学参数的确定

Estimation of aerodynamic parameters on non single horizontal homogeneous underlying surface