马木

论伊儿汗国与马木路克王朝争夺叙利亚的战争

On the Fight over Syria between Ilkhanate and Mamluks

他突袭该城，在阿勒坡挫败了马木路克，接着又攻打突厥人。

He stormed the city , defeated the Mamelukes at aleppo , and then attacked the turks .

军队主要由水准参差不齐的步兵团和装备着长矛和弓的马木留克重骑兵组成。

The army consists mainly of Mamluk heavy cavalry armed with spears and bows , supported by infantry of variable quality .

他回到波斯之后发现，埃及的马木路克和奥斯曼突厥已经联合起来反对他，并收复了巴格达。

He returned to Persia to find that the Mamelukes of Egypt and the Ottoman Turks had united against him and recaptured Baghdad .

军事上，游牧部落和加齐军逐渐萎缩和西进，发展出一支正规的马木路克军队来维护帝国的统治。

On military , nomadic tribes and Gazi degenerated and marched westwards , then a regular army of Mamluk was formed to defend the Empire .

但是，合赞与埃及的马木路克王朝为争夺叙利亚，多次发动战争，反映出蒙古统治阶级本身的消极和落后性。

But Ghazan launched the Syrian war on the Mamluks in Egypt many times , which reflected the negative and backwardness of the Mongolia governing class .

尽管在其极盛时期，马木鲁克王朝抵挡了十字军和蒙古的多次进攻，但1517年奥斯曼帝国最终吞并了马木鲁克埃及。

Though the Mamluks'strength enabled the Sultanate to repel several invasions by Christian crusaders and Mongols , it was eventually overpowered by the Ottoman Empire in1517 .

埃及马木路克王朝执行垄断香料贸易的政策，在西亚地区阻断了欧洲商人同东方商人的任何直接交往，形成红海难越、信息割断的态势。

The reason Was that the monopoly policy of Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt prevented the European traders from any direct contact with their oriental counterparts , leaving the Red Sea impassable and messages intransitable .