债的效力

鼓励交易的思想是确定债的效力的指导原则，也值得确定民事行为效力时参考；

The intention to encourage the trade is the guiding principle for ascertaining the effect of obligation .

就要式契约而言，在严格形式主义时代，债的效力仅依据特定形式而产生。

In a period requiring strict formality , the effect of the obligation of a formal contract is due to its special formality .

论自然之债的法律效力

On the Legal Forces of Natural Obligation

对自然之债的法律效力应结合不同的具体情形分别作出分析。

To analyze the legal forces of natural obligation , we should combine all kinds of cases and analyze separately .

由是观之，依债的相对性原则所确定的债的效力范围，除了债权人和债务人外，可以包括第三人。

Therefore , the effect of liability established by the relativity principle can not only reach creditor and debtor , but also third parties .

实际上，从债的相对性原则所提供的债的效力范围来看，这些问题并非是对债的相对性原则的突破。

The truth is , however , that as to the scope of liability provided by that principle , those breakthroughs are indeed not real breakthroughs .

债权人的代位权为债的保全措施之一，是债的对外效力的表现，属于债的一般担保。

The right of subrogation of the creditor is one of the preservation measures concerning debts . It is the presentation of debt 's external force and the general guarantee of debts .